Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis evolved independently and by convergent gene duplication in rosid lineages

In this study, we reconstruct the origin of ECM symbiosis in the rosid clade, showing at least 16 independent origins, resulting in the 17 known extant ECM rosid lineages. Moreover, comparative genomics of these lineages highlight genes involved in cell wall remodeling, which underwent duplications in a convergent manner across ECM lineages.